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Why didn't D&D pick different terms for these two things? Especially since they don't increase with each other. There are magic levels 0 to 9 (or less for some classes), while there are levels 1 to 20 for character level. And being level 5 doesn't mean you can cast level 5 magic, either.
And do newer editions of D&D do this better?
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My guess is that they did that so you couldn't take every class a few levels and become a killing machine.
I was criticizing their using the same word for two different things. I'm fine with them being different.